By Clint Townson, PhD
Why Expert Credibility is Crucial
The adversarial nature of a jury trial leads many of our clients to ask, “Will my expert come across better than theirs?” This is a justifiable concern since jurors’ decisions about liability and damages often hinge almost entirely on the testimony and credibility of the expert witnesses.
Evaluating a potential expert based on credentials and experience provides only half the picture. Particularly when an expert is addressing a complex subject, jurors may have difficulty understanding the technicalities associated with their explanation and rely instead on heuristics—like credibility—for evaluating the testimony.
In other words, the jurors rely on their opinion of the expert rather than the expert’s opinion. As a result, attorneys must attend to the expert’s projected credibility in addition to the content of that expert’s testimony.
Credibility is the foundational element that enables experts to successfully persuade jurors, and it has been the subject of social scientific research for decades. Over 30 years—and through more than 20,000 cases and well over 2,000 trials—the world’s most influential litigators have trusted IMS to help identify, engage, and prepare the best-aligned expert witnesses for their cases across nearly every industry and discipline. In recent years, social science research on credibility has illuminated key principles that we leverage to help our clients gain the best position to advance their cases and win.
The Keys to Expert Credibility
Knowledge
Knowledge is a primary reason that experts are called to testify; their expertise is supposed to be beyond reproach and ensures that their testimony informs the jurors. The domain of knowledge coalesces educational credentials, publications, and experience, each of which make an expert witness look great on paper. But an important part of knowledge is being able to deliver explanations with clarity, moderate assertiveness, and familiarity with the intricacies of the case.
These latter factors serve to distinguish a good expert from a great one. Addressing each of these items during witness selection and preparation is critical to the success of a case presentation.
Experts could look great on paper yet shrink before the jury. An expert may be the preeminent authority in a particular field, but if they cannot clearly and simply explain key concepts to the jury, their persuasive power is lost. When an expert witness folds on cross-examination and fails to assert counterpoints, the jurors often believe the opposing counselors have “beaten” the expert and subsequently discount their testimony.
Not all experts take the time to ensure they can convey their knowledge. Some will fail to intimately learn the case, or they may hand the work off to an associate. Either in deposition or at trial, these experts lose credibility when they cannot command the facts in a way that coincides with attorneys’ case analyses.
The best way for expert witnesses to showcase the extent of their qualified knowledge is to act as teachers for the jury. Experts should be consistent and coherent as they inform jurors on a concept. By demonstrating reasonable confidence in their own conclusions and opinions, experts should apply topical knowledge to their own case-specific knowledge.
Trustworthiness
Trustworthiness is a characteristic that is crucial to jurors’ decisions as to whether to believe or dismiss expert testimony. While jurors may recognize that experts are inherently biased—after all, each appears as either a “defense witness” or a “plaintiff witness” rather than a “neutral witness”—the extent to which jurors trust their testimony is tied to a number of factors.
For one, the above-described perception of expertise is likely associated with perceived trustworthiness, as these factors tend to be quite interrelated. An expert witness who comes across as a patient, but authoritative teacher is likely to be perceived as quite trustworthy.
Second, an expert’s demeanor on the stand influences jurors’ evaluation of trustworthiness. There are nonverbal cues that are traditionally thought to be indicative of honesty or dishonesty. For example, one study found that an expert witness’ ability to maintain eye contact with both the attorneys and jurors was predictive of credibility ratings.
Third, empirical research has shown that the number of times an expert has testified and their compensation are both associated with perceptions of believability—also known as the “hired gun effect.” Often this effect arises when there is a significant disparity between the amounts that opposing experts are compensated. For instance, jurors may be suspicious of an expert in an antitrust case who receives $300,000, while the opposing expert is paid $30,000. To combat jurors’ perceptions that a higher paid witness is simply a hired gun, the witness’s testimony must assure jurors that payment is merited due to the witness’s exceptional level of expertise.
Dynamism
Many experts are asked to expound upon complex and arcane concepts which may be confounded by industry or technical jargon, and which could be difficult for juror laypersons to comprehend. In these instances, jurors rely on heuristic cues like credibility to guide their evaluation of the testimony. An expert witness may endear themselves to a jury by using simple terms or metaphors, by integrating demonstratives, and by remaining patient and steadfast during cross examination.
An effective expert is not merely perceived as a trustworthy intellect, but as someone who is considerate enough to take the time to convey their knowledge in ways the audience can understand. An expert’s dynamism, coupled with display of their deep passion for and mastery of the subject matter, will frequently carry the day.
Likeability
Finally, there is the rather broad question of whether an expert is likeable. It is indeed rare that a knowledgeable, trustworthy, and dynamic witness will be unlikeable, but most lawyers have encountered at least one expert who comes across abrasively—or even with an air of arrogance. Likability has been found to be tied to both perceptions of trustworthiness and credibility as a whole, according to “Credibility in the Courtroom: How Likeable Should an Expert Witness Be?”
Many attorneys have experienced a sinking feeling while watching jurors react negatively to an expert who offers a sarcastic response during cross examination. The expert witness who is disliked by a jury will torpedo their own testimony. While jurors might believe the expert is very competent and knowledgeable, they may discount (or even dismiss) the testimony on the basis of their dislike for the expert. Worse still, they may channel this dislike to the party that the expert represents.
Jurors assess the likability of witnesses based upon their friendliness; the level of respect they show to the parties, the jury, and the court; their ability to use informal language; and the various nonverbal behaviors they exhibit, like eye contact and vocal inflection.
Presenting a Credible Expert
Work With “The Best”
You can rely on IMS to not only identify and engage the best-aligned expert witnesses for your specific case needs, but also to help those experts demonstrate their knowledge in ways that appeal to jurors. When working with your experts, we can develop graphics and vivid presentations to witnesses’ topical expertise and aid their reports and explanations.
Focus on the Factors
- We help experts convey their knowledge and ensure they comprehend the attorneys’ case analyses, so their testimony is compelling for jurors.
- In terms of trustworthiness, expert witnesses can be prepped to mitigate the hired gun effect—and the impact from their inherent bias as a plaintiff or defense witness. We help elicit testimony that enables witnesses to convey the hours they spent on the case and how their compensation is related to their careful study of the facts. We place a particular focus on nonverbal behaviors that jurors may view as signs of dishonesty. Additionally, we make sure witnesses present a consistent demeanor throughout the deposition and trial process, since jurors tend to negatively assess behavioral differences that experts exhibit between the various stages of testimony.
- We help experts become dynamic presenters who effectively sway jurors. They become able to convey material using analogies and images. Likewise, we develop graphics to ensure their testimony is powerful, vivid, and persuasive.
- We help ensure an expert witness remains likeable throughout the presentation by coaching them to appear sincere and humble. Their expertise may predispose them to testifying with arrogance, and if they fail to acknowledge reasonable uncertainty in their findings or act respectfully toward all of those involved in the trial, jurors may question their trustworthiness.
It can be tough for attorneys to preserve a quality working relationship with experts by candidly challenging their likability. Utilizing a consultant allows for a third-party to have the difficult conversations and challenge the expert to be better without spoiling this relationship.
Let's Find Your Expert
As you know, a well-aligned and prepared expert can often prove to be the lynchpin of a case. Contact IMS today to discuss the specifics of your case and expert witness needs. Learn how we can not only help you identify and engage the best-aligned experts, but ultimately make sure they are well-prepared for trial.
View this article on The National Law Review here: Social Science: Credibility & Influence of Your Expert Witness (natlawreview.com)
